Correlation of police and racial profiling - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1015 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Racial Profiling Essay Did you like this example? A host of Americas underprivileged minorities are accused of being involved in illegal offenses during their ordinary daily routines. This use of stereotypical appearances of ethnic background as a foundation for accusing one of engaging in criminal offense is known as racial profiling. (Dictionary,2018). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Correlation of police and racial profiling" essay for you Create order This is a dilemma that is notably done by police officers, along with other state and local authorities. It is exercised daily within inner-cities, counties, suburban areas and more. Officers target these people without any form of evidence or probable cause to suspect such accusation. Racial profiling is in violation of the U.S Constitution equal protection clause and unreasonable search and seizures (U.S. Const. amend. IV; amend. XIV). The American Civil Liberty Union (2018) illustrates, how racial profiling disconnects society from law enforcement, interfere with community policing, and damage the trust that the community should in officers to protect and serve. Racial profiling is known to affect the behavior of policemen judgement with weapon use, unjustified stops, and the safety of their well-being (policemen) when in the presence of a stereotypical person of color. Nadal, Davidoff, Allicock, Serpe, Erazo (2017) elaborates on the victims like, 18 year old Michael Brown of Ferg uson, Missouri, who was an African American that was killed by an officer; 12 year old Tamir Rice of Cleveland, Ohio who was an African American ; and 37 year old Alton Sterling in Baton Rouge, LA who was an African American that was killed by and officers. This just goes to show that racial profiling of minorities is at an all-time high. These current incidents direct me to the research question, what is the correlation between the police and racial profiling of minorities? Literature Review Controversial Matter Discrimination alone, has always been a problem within the ethnic and non-ethnic races, but racial profiling had taken a toll on todays youths and adults. The literature work Perceptions of Racial Profiling: Race, Class, and Personal Experience elaborates on the controversial matter throughout the recent years and examines current surveys on peoples personal views on racial profiling along with recent data of studies done with police officers and their daily interaction with the ethnic group in their jurisdiction Weitzer, Tuch, 2002). A recent survey of 1,087 police chiefs found that 60% believe that racially biased policing was not a problem in their jurisdiction, whereas an additional 29% said it was only a minor problem (Fridell, 2001). Within this study, it was found that most ethnic backgrounds did experience a type of profiling. This experience effects the view of the prevalence and accountability of the practice. The findings on social class point to the need for furthered inv estigation and explanation of class influences on elevation of the police. Representation of the Bureaucracy The tension between both the police and the ethnic minorities of the communities have increased over the years. Throughout the literature Black or Blue: Racial Profiling and Representative Bureaucracy Wilkins, and Williams bring together racial profiling, police socialization, and representative bureaucracy. In previous research, the connection of active representation for race in organizations that rely heavily on socialization police departments. Police departments are notorious for their use of socialization to modify the behavior and attitudes of their employees. Therefore, this setting offers a difficult test for the theory of representative bureaucracy. Police departments meet the necessary criteria to facilitate active representation. The policy area of racial profiling is a highly salient issue for minority communities, and police officers exercise discretion in their work. Wilkind, and Willams stated, Subsequently, racial profiling has been defined in various ways, however, for the purpose of this article we will utilize the definition of Ramirez, McDevitt, and Farrell (2000) and define racial profiling as any police-initiated action that relies on the race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than the behavior of an individual or information that leads the police to a individual who has been identified as being, or having been, engaged in criminal activity (3). With its association of race and/or ethnicity as a proxy for an increased likelihood of criminal behavior, racial profiling reflects Skolnicks (1975) conception of Americas symbolic assailant and is symptomatic of a much larger issue of bias-based policing 2005 pg.4). Based on the previous literature on racial profiling, it simply restates the mistreatment and discrimination against those of ethnic decent by police enforcement through their policing strategies. In this review, it highlighted the research study used purposeful sampling to locate 7 African American participants that were interviewed regarding their lived experience with racial profiling. The data collected from the interviews were organized, sorted, and coded to reveal patterns and themes. The findings revealed that the participants believed that they were discriminated against, harassed, treated like criminals, and profiled by the police because of the color of their skin without cause. Based on Jones (2017 pg.22) research, In a similar study completed in the state of Maryland from 1995 to 1997, researchers discovered that African Americans drivers composed only 17.5% of the motorists on state highways; however, comprised 72% of the motorists that were pulled over and had their veh icles inspected by Maryland State Police (Ibe et al., 2012). Finally, in a study in the state of Ohio, it was found that African American drivers were two to three times more probable to receive a citation as opposed to White drivers (Ibe et al., 2012). The frequency of violent encounters involving African Americans and the police in America today, impacts or the attitudes and behaviors of African Americans towards the police needs to be determined, as it could ultimately mend the relationship between the two, as well as reduce the number of violent confrontations. Methods Section Reference 1. (2018). Racial Profiling. Retrieved November 6, 2018, from https://www.aclu.org/issues/racial-justice/race-and-criminal-justice/racial-profiling 2. Jones, D. P. (2017). The Policing Strategy of Racial Profiling and its Impact on African Americans. 1-127. Retrieved November 7, 2018 3. .Nadal, K. L., Davidoff, K. C., Allicock, N., Serpe, C. R., Erazo, T. (2017). Perceptions Of police, racial profiling, and psychological outcomes: A mixed methodological study. Journal of Social Issues, 4. Weitzer, R., Tuch, S. A. (2002). Perceptions Of Racial Profiling: Race, Class, And Personal Experience*. Criminology, 40(2), 435-456 5. Wilkins, V. M., Williams, B. N. (2008). Black or Blue: Racial Profiling and Representative Bureaucracy. Public Administration Review, 68(4), 654-664.

Sacred Medieval Architecture - 789 Words

After the fall of the Roman Empire the political atmosphere was transformed in Western Europe. As the West witnessed a change, brought about by the constant invasion of barbarians, the Eastern Roman Empire remained intact and grew incredibly prosperous. The Eastern Empire had much closer ties between the state and the Christian Church. These ties lead to many elaborate Byzantine churches being built in Constantinople, emphasizing the importance of the Eastern Church in everyday life. The Byzantine architecture maintains a sense of well-balanced proportions and favors a more simple approach to the building’s exterior. The Byzantines established an architectural style, different from the Romans generally by plans that were well†¦show more content†¦Charlemagne’s palace at Aachen housed a chapel, Palatine Chapel, designed after Byzantine churches. Much of the building material was recovered from classical ruins in Italy (â€Å"The Encyclopedia Britannica† p .368-370). Much of the chapel interior remains classical, including rounded arches, the height of the dome and the overall structure is, however, Germanic. After the death of Charlemagne, the Holy Roman Empire assumed power. This time is referred to as the Ottonian age. The Ottonian’s grew upon the designs of the Carolingian culture. This new design is what is now referred to as â€Å"Romanesque†, named for the use Roman architectural elements. Round towers are a distinctive feature of Ottonian Churches. Four such towers can be found at St. Michael’s in Hildesheim. Romanesque permeated Western Europe, finally restoring order to a culturally fractured continent. One advancement in Romanesque style was decoration. Romanesque buildings featured many more architectural sculptures than Carolingian or Ottonian churches. One of the best places for Romanesque sculpture was the tympanum: the semi-circular space above an arched-framed door. Romanesque architecture is sign ificantly more vertically and intricacy than its Carolingian and Ottonian predecessors. The Gothic style took these developments evenShow MoreRelatedKey Characteristics of Gothic Architecture1436 Words   |  6 Pageschanges in the architectural technique of the Romanesque style of architecture and come to a conclusion as to whether the shift in technique led to the rise of the more grandiose Gothic architecture in Europe. All art is inspired and the influences that caused the change in technique will also be investigated. In order to come to a conclusion I read books on the two styles I compared, studied some examples of each form of architecture through photographs, and listened to a few podcasts on the topicRead MoreThe Patterns Of Gothic Architecture755 Words   |  4 PagesMidway through the Medieval Period (750-1350) of Western European Culture there was shift to Gothic architecture. Before this, medieval Europe was dominated by the Romanesque style. Seeing that this is wher e Gothic architecture derived, they are very similar, apart from certain added characteristics. Amongst these are pointed arches and cross/groin-ribbed vaults in contrast to the previous rounded arches and barrel vaults. The design gave way to taller more massive structures, and stained glass windowsRead MoreReligions Reflection in Architecture815 Words   |  4 PagesHow have architectural styles reflected the philosophies, religions, and politics of various cultures throughout history? I would like to focus my discussion on religions reflection in architecture and hope it will not be too lengthy. Religion forms the foundation of cultural identity and has decisively shaped world civilizations based on differing, but not exclusive, views of ultimate value: mercy and benevolence in Buddhism, morality and ethics in Confucianism, respect in Shintoism, devotionRead MoreCultural Influence Of The Early Medieval Era1570 Words   |  7 Pagesallow for new types of artwork to be produced. Artwork during the Early Medieval era, Romanesque era, and Gothic era demonstrates how local and imported ideas intermingle to produce new things. In order to fully express the idea of cultures integrating local ideas with ideas of other cultures to form new artworks, focusing specifically on architecture will allow for the theme to be fully justified. During the dynamic Early Medieval era, which dates back to 500-1000 BCE, European identity was developedRead MoreSacred Heart Church1323 Words   |  6 PagesSacred Heart Church is the second oldest church located 1307 14th Street SW in Downtown Westsi de in Calgary, Canada. It is founded in 1910. There are two main complexes in this architecture, the older complex that is constructed in 1910 and an additional edition in 1930. Throughout the years, the Sacred Heart Church has constantly been adding additional architectural structures and expanding its size. Both complexes in the Sacred Heart Church are rectangular in plan. They both are red brick structureRead MoreSacred And Secular Ideas1974 Words   |  8 PagesThe Melding of Sacred and Secular Ideas Determining whether or not sacred and secular aspects were combined into the visual arts and literature is an important feature when it comes to actually understanding the overall concepts and differences of behind Medieval, Gothic, Renaissance, and Baroque art. For one to truly understand the art, literature, and the concepts behind both, one must first understand the terms sacred and secular. The definition of the word sacred is, â€Å"of or relating to religionRead MoreMiddle Ages as the Age of Faith Essay893 Words   |  4 PagesMiddle Ages as the Age of Faith The Middle Ages is often referred to as the Age of Faith and it is correct to do so, as during this period religion dominated all aspects of life from architecture, literature, art and music. The dominant religion during this period was Christianity. The middle ages saw the emergence #8230; of Christian literary forms#8230; a popular religious culture centred around processions, icons, and relics (George Holmes 42). The crusades were wars fought in theRead MoreMedieval And Millennial - A Pilgrimage Of Meaning1386 Words   |  6 PagesMedieval to Millennial – A Pilgrimage of Meaning In the Medieval times, many Christians went on pilgrimages to venerate sacred objects or places. They traveled around Europe visiting churches and taking treasures with them to set at the sites they visited. During this time, there was an influential emperor who touch much of Europe with a renewing hand. Emperor Charlemagne built an empire embodied with the mission to unify the people, attempting to create one European religion and convert pagan tribesRead MoreEssay On Colosseum1588 Words   |  7 PagesAnnihilating the mass of the Romanesque, Gothic architecture employed slender columns, vaulted ceilings, pointed arches, flying buttresses and large windows to achieve a light, skeletal structure with soaring heights and a light-filled interior (Figure 9) (Nuttgens 1997, 160). The decorative carving further reduces the mass to create a delicate lacework, that coupled with sculptured jambs, piers and archivolts, enhances and disguises the architecture leading Scott (1879, 313) to â₠¬Å"†¦question whetherRead MoreStudy: Gothic Architecture and Following Stylistic Terms Essay1176 Words   |  5 Pagesrefers to the Western Roman Empire. ------------------------------------------------- FALSE Horseshoe arches were an important architectural feature of the: MOSQUE AT CORDOBA Which European country contains the best examples of Islamic architecture? SPAIN The Dome of the Rock is in: JERUSALEM A mihrab is: A NICHE IN A QIBLA WALL Which of the following cultures influenced Islamic art? ALL OF THE ABOVE Islamic decoration makes extensive use of what kind of motifs? ALL OF THE ABOVE

Days later analysis Free Essays

Days letter in my opinion is one of the best zombie films that has been produced in my generation and revalidated the Zombie genre. This is one of my favorites because of its intriguing story line and a great acting performance by all characters. 28 days later provides a plethora of horror engineering, social attitudes, as well as social critique. We will write a custom essay sample on Days later analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Released in 2002, 28 Days later draws its viewers in right from the start. At the beginning of the film we see a group of PETA extremists breaking into what seems to be an animal testing facility. This group of people who are breaking into the facility to free a group of monkeys who are being used as science experiments and being injected with what is called the â€Å"Rage† virus. As the group goes to break the monkeys out of their fiberglass cages, a scientist who works at the facility catches them in the act. Here is where us viewers are first introduced (briefly) to the rage virus. The scientist warns them that the monkeys are infected with Rage and that what they are doing is extremely dangerous. The scientist begs them not to open the cages but ultimately they end up doing it anyway. The female in the group opens the cage and the infected monkey runs out and attacks the group where the virus first begins to spread. The rest of the film shows Jim as he embarks on his journey though post-apocalyptic London. Jim wakes up naked in a hospital bed where he has no idea where he is. After he detaches all of the hoses and wires from his body he ventures out into the rest of the hospital where he discovers that something is right. Later in the film Jim runs into a few more survivors and rest of the film shows them making the trip to a military stronghold that they heard about on a radio broadcast. 8 Days later is without a doubt a film that revalidated the zombie genre. While the zombies in this film aren’t what the type of zombie fans are used to seeing, this film is still extremely terrifying! 28 Days Later employs horror engineering techniques to add to the mass amounts of â€Å"scariness† that already exists throughout the film. The first horror engineering technique that is used throughout this film is formlessness. Formlessness is focusing a little more on the creatures appearances throughout horror films. In this case formlessness is employed to make these flesh hungry zombies even scarier than they already are. The zombies in 28 Days later are extremely terrifying not only because they want to eat the uninfected’ flesh but mainly because of their appearance. Like I said before, the zombies in this film aren’t like zombies fans of this genre are used to seeing. They are dirty, they are deformed, and they are fast†¦ Really fast. When these zombies are chasing their prey, they sprint fast as lightning and their arms sway in a fluid motion. This is a small detail that adds massive amounts of horror into the film. There is Just something about these zombie’s fluid body motions that makes them so scary. Another horror engineering technique that was employed frequently throughout the film is mastication. The concept of Mastication is the creature in the specific film involving swarms, crowding, and teeming to overrun anyone that is not infected with the rage virus. Just about every there is a scene with zombies in it (aside from the one that’s chained up) there is an extremely large number of them that require the uninfected to take immediate action. The zombies in this film are already scary enough, but with a group of at least 20 of them chasing after Selene, Jim and the others in the group of uninfected. One scene in particular that is absolutely petrifying is when the Jim and co. Car breaks down in the traffic tunnel. As the tire is being changed we see tunnel rats running in a group the opposite direction. Soon after that Jim notices the silhouettes of the zombies’ shadows on the tunnel walls running in their direction. Things don’t seem too alarming at first but when the zombies come in sight there is more than a few of them, there is a group of 20+ zombies in an all-out sprint running toward them. Luckily the group barely escapes but, that scene alone was enough to get viewers blood pumping! Mastication makes this film even scarier than it already is, because one of these zombies alone is scary enough let alone a group of 20 or more! In this film there are also social attitudes that are present. One of the more prominent social attitudes that are present in this film is the views on modern bio power. In the beginning of the film we see the infected test subjects that happen to be monkeys. It is unknown why the monkeys are infected with the rage virus in the first place but it seems as if scientists were trying to come up with up with a cure for the rage virus where the experiment looked to be ailing because of all of the test subjects that were present in the lab. 8 Days Later has a negative view to this modern borrower that is being used. It seems Danny Bayle and Alex Garland (Director and Writer) were trying to send a message that the modern evolution of borrower can be risky business if we aren’t careful. 28 Days later was a clear depiction of what life would be like if the use of borrower wasn’t carefully handled. In the case of the film scientists were not careful because of the way a small gro up of PETA enthusiasts were able to sneak into the science facility and let the rage iris lose. It would be extremely difficult to imagine Danny Bayle and Alex Garland directing and writing a movie where modern borrower is a raging success, probably because it would be difficult for borrower to have that type of outcome. Other social views that are in this film are the shifting attitudes towards gender. One of the first characters that are met in this film happens to be an African British female by the name of Selene. She and another male are the first two people that Jim meets right when he gets out of the hospital and begins to wander the streets of London. For the iris half of the film, there is a positive social attitude towards females. Selene is a walking zombie killing machine and is extremely knowledge on how to take care of her self in post-apocalyptic times. In other words she is a complete bedaubs! Selene even teaches Jim a few things such as after the first time they are attacked together she asks Jim if he got zombie blood in his eyes or mouth. Selene then proceeds to tell Jim that if someone is bitten then you only have a short period of time to kill that person before they turn. Selene shows Jim her ways and even saves his ass every once and a while. The positive views towards the females in the film are apparent and wouldn’t be surprised if female viewers were to shout muff Go Girl† a few times throughout the movie! To contrast, these positive views kind of disappear in the second half of the film. As the group makes it to the military stronghold the Major Henry West informs Jim that he had promised all of his men women if they were to send out a radio broadcast about their location. After Jim is informed is when things shift downwards in terms of social attitudes towards female at least for this part of the film. It is night and day when comparing the views towards females from the first half of the film to the second. In the first half Selene is a zombie killer with a ton of different skills that she uses in order to survive. In the second half Selene and Hanna are nothing but sex dolls for the soldiers at the strong hold to play with. The soldiers begin to harass and inappropriately touch Selene and Hanna to the point where zombies aren’t the only things they should be afraid of anymore. At one point the horny soldiers think it would be a good idea to get Selene and Hannah all dressed up n extravagant dresses to make them look even more appealing. Hannah and Galena’s stay at the makeshift military base is not a pleasant one to say the least. 28 Days Later also does a fantastic Job at illustrating what life would be like after society has failed. At the very beginning of the film we see one of the test subjects being shown montages of global disaster and conflict. It seems that the film was trying to send us a message, and that message was if we as a society keep on the same track then the ending could be a disaster and something to similar to 28 Days later could become a reality. Some perspectives could see this opening scene as humanity being the tied up monkey watching these tragic events happen before our eyes and then facing death from the rage virus. 28 Days Later at the time was a misunderstood masterpiece where over time it has shifted into a classic film that revalidated the zombie genre. 28 Days Later will without a doubt go down as a classic film as it perfectly summed up how crazy our society is and what it could become if we aren’t careful. Danny Bayle and Alex Garland did a fantastic Job at putting this film together making it one of the best and most recognizable zombie films of my generation! How to cite Days later analysis, Papers

Advertising and Alcohol Essay Example For Students

Advertising and Alcohol Essay Advertising and AlcoholAlcohol manufacturers use a variety of unscrupulous techniques to advertise alcoholic beverages to children. Perhaps the worst example is Anheuser-Busch Co., the worlds largest brewer, which uses child-enticing cartoon images of frogs, dogs, penguins and lizards in ads for Budweiser beer. These Budweiser cartoon characters are hugely popular with children, just like Joe Camel ads. A KidCom Marketing study once found these Budweiser cartoon character ads were American childrens favorite ads. This is no accident. Anheuser-Busch is conducting an advertising campaign to get children to start drinking beer. These Budweiser ads are unconscionable. So are Phillip Morriss Miller Lite twist to open commercials, which are among childrens top 10 favorite ads, according to another study by KidCom. Hard liquor ads on television are equally unconscionable. In June, 1996, Joseph E. Seagrams Sons Co. broke a 48 year old voluntary ban on advertising hard liquor on television. Five months later, the Distilled Spirits Council of the United States (DISCUS) re-wrote its Code of Good Practice to allow its member distillers to advertise on radio and television. Even if these TV ads are aired only after 9 or 10 PM, they will still reach millions of American children. Alcohol advertising may increase alcohol consumption, including drinking by minors. Based on this effect, various municipalities around the country have attempted to ban alcohol advertising. These attempts have met with mixed results in the courts. This section will attempt to explain how a municipality can legally ban alcohol advertising. Commercial SpeechThe only constitutional impediment to banning alcohol advertising is First Amendment freedom of speech. Alcohol producers and their advertising companies will usually bring suit against a municipality which bans alcohol advertisements, arguing that the ban is an unconstitutional abridgement of the freedom of speech. Advertising, however, is only commercial speech, which is protected by the First Amendment 1. but not to the extent that political speech is protected. Therefore, a municipality can regulate advertising much more than it can regulate pure First Amendment speech. Types of Alcohol AdvertisingAlcohol is advertised on billboards and other signs, in print, and on radio and television. It is also advertised on public transportation, in athletic stadiums, in bars, and on delivery vehicles. Because the Supreme Court believes that some types of advertising have effects unlike other types of advertising, the law regarding each is different. A municipality may not, therefore, simply pass a law saying All alcohol advertising shall be prohibited. This would clearly be an unconstitutional infringement on commercial speech, as well as vague and overly broad. Municipalities must be selective and regulate those types of advertising which they can prove are linked to increasing minor consumption of alcohol. BillboardsBillboards are a major forum for alcohol advertising. Children and teenagers are regularly subjected to these types of advertisements, but parents cannot effectively control their childrens exposure to alcohol billboards. Billboards cannot be turned off like other types of advertising.A municipality probably may ban billboards advertising alcohol, if it can demonstrate that these billboards have an adverse effect on minors. The Supreme Court has found that billboards are a unique form of advertising and subject to extensive regulation. The City of Baltimore recently banned outdoor alcohol advertising and defeated the advertisers free speech argument in court. A federal circuit court upheld the ban on alcohol advertising on billboards as not an unconstitutional infringement of the advertisers right of free speech. Warning LabelsChildren and teenagers are adversely affected by advertising that glamorizes alcohol consumption. Unlike cigarette advertising, alcohol advertising d oes not carry any mandatory health warnings. Federal law regulates warning labels on cigarette advertising, but not on alcohol advertising. The Federal Alcohol Administration only requires warning labels on alcohol containers and packaging, not on pure advertising. Therefore, state and municipal governments have no power to impose their container or packaging warnings. They may, however, be able to impose warning labels on advertising, because federal law does not address this question. .u5b7bec64788a4a8ab2a46d77fc9c1d6c , .u5b7bec64788a4a8ab2a46d77fc9c1d6c .postImageUrl , .u5b7bec64788a4a8ab2a46d77fc9c1d6c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5b7bec64788a4a8ab2a46d77fc9c1d6c , .u5b7bec64788a4a8ab2a46d77fc9c1d6c:hover , .u5b7bec64788a4a8ab2a46d77fc9c1d6c:visited , .u5b7bec64788a4a8ab2a46d77fc9c1d6c:active { border:0!important; } .u5b7bec64788a4a8ab2a46d77fc9c1d6c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5b7bec64788a4a8ab2a46d77fc9c1d6c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5b7bec64788a4a8ab2a46d77fc9c1d6c:active , .u5b7bec64788a4a8ab2a46d77fc9c1d6c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5b7bec64788a4a8ab2a46d77fc9c1d6c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5b7bec64788a4a8ab2a46d77fc9c1d6c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5b7bec64788a4a8ab2a46d77fc9c1d6c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5b7bec64788a4a8ab2a46d77fc9c1d6c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5b7bec64788a4a8ab2a46d77fc9c1d6c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5b7bec64788a4a8ab2a46d77fc9c1d6c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5b7bec64788a4a8ab2a46d77fc9c1d6c .u5b7bec64788a4a8ab2a46d77fc9c1d6c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5b7bec64788a4a8ab2a46d77fc9c1d6c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sas Institute Term Paper EssayAdvertising increases alcohol consumption, which increases alcohol abuseright? WRONG. There is no solid evidence from either scientific research or practical experience that this theory of advertising is correct. A study by the Federal Trade Commission found that there is no reliable basis to conclude that alcohol advertising significantly affects consumption, let alone abuse. Advertising does not increase consumption. For example, alcohol brand advertising was first introduced in New Zealand in 1992. While advertising continues to increase, consumption continues to fall. WHAT ADVERTISING DOESIf advertising doesnt increase consumption, why bother to advertise? The answer is simple: to increase market share. Alcohol is a mature product category in that consumers are already aware of the product and its basic characteristics. Therefore, overall consumption is not affected significantly by advertising specific brands. Instead of increasing total consumption, the objective of advertisers is to create brand loyalty and to encourage consumers to switch to their brand. Thus, effective advertisers gain market share at the expense of others, who lose market share. They do not try to increase the total market for the product. An example can illustrate why they dont. The total retail value of beer produced annually in the U.S. is about $50 billion. If a producers advertising campaign increases its market share by one percent, its sales would increase by $500 million. However, if the total market for beer increased by one percent, a brand with a 10% share of the market would only experience a sales increase of $50 million. Clearly, a producer has a great incentive to increase market share, but little incentive (or ability) to increase the total market. For this reason, advertisers focus their efforts on established Consumers. They seek to strengthen the loyalty of their own consumers and induce other Consumers to try their brand. One of the main arguments against alcohol beverage ads on television is that they normalize drinking in the minds of young viewers. To the extent that this is true, the ads may be performing a positive role. The commonplace nature of alcohol ads on TV serves not to glamorize the products, as some critics suggest, but to cast them as mundane consumer products, right alongside aspirin, cookies, and alkaline batteries. Thats a constructive way for young people to view them. On the other hand, if we treat beverage alcohol as a dangerous substance to be avoided and not even advertised, we inadvertently raise it up from the ordinary into the realm of the powerful, the tantalizing, and the desirable Big Deal. In so doing, we slip into the familiar, failed pattern of demonizing the substance of alcohol rather than discouraging irresponsible behavior. We should help young people regard the substance of alcohol as neutral neither inherently good nor inherently bad. What matters is how it is used, and we must convey by word and example that the abuse of alcohol is never humorous, acceptable, or excusable. Do alcohol ads portray the products being enjoyed in the most appealing settings and by the most attractive people? Of course they often do no less than do ads for cars, instant coffee and anti-fungal sprays. That normalcy of alcohol ads helps demystify the product which is a good place to begin encouraging realistic, moderate, and responsible attitudes about it. Responsible attitudes toward alcohol are based on the understanding that such beverages are yet another part of life over which individuals have control, like exercise, personal hygiene, or diet. If alcohol beverages are to be used moderately by those who choose to consume them, then its important that these beverages not be stigmatized, compared to illegal drugs, and associated with abuse. They arent dangerous poisons to be hidden from sight and become a subject of mystery and perhaps fascinating appeal. But that would be the message sent if alcohol commercials were banned from TV.

Walt Disneys Success

Disney is an American entity that offers entertainment services to people. The company began its operation in Europe in 1987 by establishing a resort in Paris. Thereafter, it expanded to provide entertainment related services such as shopping and haulage. Currently, the company boasts approximately 60,000 employees within its facilities.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Walt Disney’s Success specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Besides, the organization has theme parks, resorts, golf courses, and entertainment sports in Europe and America. Apart from providing entertainment services, the outfit serves beverages and meals. Theme parks and resorts have also contributed to Walt Disney’s success. Disney faced several challenges when beginning its operations in Europe. The management was unable to set up facilities that could accommodate numerous clients. Additionally, the employees were not competent. As suc h, they could not address the needs of the patrons which forced the management to set up a training facility for its employees. Currently, Disney has a training facility for equipping their employees with skills that address the demands of the clients. At the facility, employees are empowered to make decision independently. The management at Disney has made up a 120-question survey that assesses the contentment level of their employees. The employees meet the management team on a weekly basis in order to express their opinions concerning management at Disney because teamwork is at the core of success for Euro-Disney. Disney employs staff from different places around the globe as a way of diversification. In Paris, the increasing number of patrons has forced the management to acquire additional tracks of land for setting up theme parks. The management has devised projects aimed at enhancing customer loyalty; the organization allows corporate membership within their facilities in Pari s. The facility boasts the coverage of 30,080 acres of lands and resorts around the globe. The managers of Disney have focused on expanding operations in different places around the world. In the future, the company expects to open more facilities in Europe. Apart from offering entertainment services, Disney offers transportation services as well.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Disney chose Paris as the location for its expansion because it had already established its market in Europe. Paris attracts a large numbers of tourists from different parts of Europe, hence, it is easier to target clients for Disney products and services. Moreover, an elaborate transport network in Paris enticed Disney into entering the European market. Disney expanded its operation to Paris in order to bring services closer to their patrons who were expecting recession. The recession in Europe forc ed patrons to cut on the travel fees to Disney in the United States. Therefore, bringing Disney World to Paris was a strategy that would allow the company to tap the potential clients who wanted to enjoy Disney World. The large population in Paris was one of the reasons Disney decided to settle in Paris because it is profitable for market entertainment services due to densely populated areas. Disney encountered several challenges as it expanded its operations in Europe. At first, the company could not meet some of the demands of clients  For instance, Europeans are accustomed to drinking beer though Disney in Paris does not offer beer. This made it difficult for the management to achieve their expectations. Additionally, the facility could not accommodate the growing number of clients from the European market. Later, the company expanded and rebranded to cater for the needs of clients from all over the Europe. Bibliography Jackson, K M West, Disneyland and culture: essays on the parks and their influence. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland Co, 2011.35-74 This essay on Walt Disney’s Success was written and submitted by user Cade Heath to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Naked Truth About Gym and Gymno

The Naked Truth About Gym and Gymno The Naked Truth About â€Å"Gym† and â€Å"Gymno† The Naked Truth About â€Å"Gym† and â€Å"Gymno† By Maeve Maddox Our word gymnasium comes from a Greek noun meaning â€Å"place to be naked,† or â€Å"place to exercise.† The adjective was gymnos, â€Å"naked.† Greek athletes exercised in the nude. The Greek gymnasium was for more than just working out. It was also a place for bathing and having scholarly discussions. The founder of the â€Å"cynic† school of philosophy, Antisthenes, taught in a gymnasium in Athens. The name of his philosophical school is usually explained as a reference to the â€Å"biting† sarcasm practiced by its proponents. Cynic is from the Greek kynikos, â€Å"dog-like.† However, the name could have originated from the name of the gymnasium in which Antisthenes taught: Kynosarge, â€Å"Grey Dog.† The prefix gymno (gymn in front of vowels) is frequently encountered in the study of botany and zoology. gymnosperm: â€Å"naked seed† (evergreens like the pine, hemlock, and fir) gymnorhinal: â€Å"having naked nostrils† (some birds have feathers on their nostrils; some don’t) gymnogenous: â€Å"naked when hatched† (some birds are born with feathers; some aren’t) The ancient Greeks gave the name gymnosophist to a sect of vegetarian Hindu philosophers who wore little or no clothing. Some gymno words refer to attitudes towards nudity. gymnomania: The obsession of the â€Å"peeping Tom†; male voyeurism. 2. A compulsion to be naked. 3. An abnormal interest in nakedness. Note: A male voyeur is called a gymnogynomaniac. gymnoscopic A reference to a desire to see naked bodies. gymnoscopy: Sexual pleasure derived from viewing the nakedness of the opposite sex. gymnophily 1. Having a special fondness for being in the nude. An abnormal interest in nakedness. gymnophobia 1. A pathological fear of being naked. A morbid dread of seeing a naked person or of an uncovered part of the body. gymnophoria The sense that someone is mentally undressing you, or that a person is viewing you naked even though you are clothed. There’s are even gymno words you can use when talking about the Bible. gymnobiblism: The opinion that the bare text of the Bible, without note or comment, may be safely put before the unlearned as a sufficient guide to religious truth. gymnobiblical (adjective) pertaining to, or holding, this opinion gymnobiblist (noun), a believer in gymnobiblism. All the gymno words you could ever want to see. Fascinating article on the history of social nudity. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Wether, Weather, Whether11 Writing Exercises to Inspire You and Strengthen Your WritingPersonification vs. Anthropomorphism

Evidence Based Strategy Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Evidence Based Strategy Plan - Assignment Example For the purpose of this evidence based strategy plan, the instructional area that has been identified is classroom behavior. It should be noted that the broader range of skills that are practiced every day in the classroom setting substitutes social behavior as the final assessment tool. Classroom behavior plays a significant role in allowing peers to come across social values as well as way of communication. It is often noted that some students undergo difficulties in displaying a positive and constructive classroom behavior. Therefore, it becomes the responsibility of a teacher to undertake reinforcement in such a manner that it allows students to easily overcome the difficulty of social activities. It should be noted that the classroom management involves a great deal management skills and techniques that would yield effective results. Herein, the instructional area that has been selected for the purpose of coming up with an evidence based research strategy is classroom behavior. The technique to be used is token economy. It is evident that token economy has proven a very effective way to come up with an effective way to focus on respective instructional areas. Talking about the behavioral area, classroom behavior, it is expected that the implementation of the token economy will render many positive results (Kazdin, 2012). A number of researches have conducted a thorough evaluation of the strategy of token economy. The strategy is based upon the learning framework of operant learning theory. According to the framework, it is stated that the rewards and punishment system is more likely to impact the behavior of students and overall process of learning. It is stated that the usage of tokens is undertaken to allow the students to get desired thing. It could be either a material or points for academic excellence. There are many symbols that are settled down

International marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

International marketing - Essay Example In adaptation, however, there is less risk of consumers rejecting a product or service because research will have been done to identify their preferences before products and services can be created for them. In many cases, multinational corporations such as McDonald’s owe their success to adapting their marketing mix strategies to suit the local preferences. While effectiveness and greater profits tend to be the result if standardization, customer orientation also brings acceptance to companies that use to expand to international markets. Both standardization and adaptation have their uses within the international business arena. The Marketing Strategy of Cell Phone Carriers in Africa. There are different environmental factors that cell phone carriers in African nations take into consideration when establishing new branches. Some of these include: Strategic Risk: The cell phone firms have to take into account the competitors in the mobile industry, as well as the purchasing po wer of their targeted consumers. Sometimes they may encounter intense competition from other previously established distributors that have government backing. Such business rivals can adversely affect a new company that is seeking to establish itself. Operational Risk: This has to do with faulty infrastructure or imperfect logistics. In many African nations, there may not be enough roads or transport facilities to ensure that raw materials are accessed and products created on time. This is something that ends up adversely affecting productivity. Political Risk: Political instability is something that has plagued many African nations in the past. This means that companies have to either ensure that they have government backing, in order to discourage would be attackers, or... Operational Risk: This has to do with faulty infrastructure or imperfect logistics. In many African nations, there may not be enough roads or transport facilities to ensure that raw materials are accessed and products created on time. This is something that ends up adversely affecting productivity. Political Risk: Political instability is something that has plagued many African nations in the past. This means that companies have to either ensure that they have government backing, in order to discourage would be attackers, or are located in a secure environment. On the other hand, they could simply purchase their own security teams. This, however, ends up being an additional cost. Country/Culture Risk: When a country has been plagued in political strife for a long time, its citizens usually begin to view violence as being a normal part of life. This means that recklessness, the lack of law and order, and crimes such as stealing are seen as being normal. Theft of company resources, in such cases, can cause a company to use more capital than was originally planned, just to buy more assets and get adequate security.

Assignment 2 (Management Quantitative Methods) Essay

Assignment 2 (Management Quantitative Methods) - Essay Example The research paper focuses on how individual motivation, connectedness and inter/intra-unit ties is important in knowledge transfer between individuals in organisations. Knowledge transfer and has recently been gaining a lot of importance since firms are finding themselves in increasingly competitive markets and are realizing their need to be more creative and innovative. Its importance has grown in recent decades for three related reasons. First, knowledge appears to be an increasing proportion of many organizations total assets2. Second, organizations have moved away from hierarchical methods of control toward more decentralized organizational structures and increased employee involvement. This has resulted in more knowledge transfer as employees are more involved in the decision making of the companies and has reduced organizational paths through which information travels. Finally, advances in information technology have created new means of knowledge transfer. The paper discusses how knowledge transfer is important for promoting innovation and creativity in organisations. Employees can be influenced by actions taken by the organisations to transfer knowledge so as to reach favourable outcomes. This can be done by an understanding of both what motivates the individual to transfer knowledge, as well as, structurally, with whom individuals exchange knowledge; the former is relevant to development of proper HRM policy to stimulate knowledge while the latter is indicated by an individual’s position in the knowledge transfer network of an organization. The paper also discusses how individual motivation may explain an individual’s position in the structure of the network in which innovative knowledge is transferred. Individuals that are more connected within the full knowledge transfer network of an organisation contribute significantly and lead to more innovative outcomes for the organisation. The concept of closeness centrality is used to indicate the individual’s position in the full knowledge transfer network, rather than merely observing their immediate connections. The connections an individual has may be within the own unit, while also knowledge transferred from other units, crossing unit boundaries, is believed to contribute to innovation in an important way. Transfer of knowledge in a multi-unit organisation may be difficult than transfer of knowledge in a unit that specializes in one knowledge field. This is because in a multi-unit organisation, the employees have limited information as to what activities and knowledge other employees have or are engaged in. Within a unit that specializes in one knowledge field, knowledge may also be of the tacit3 kind. Thus an individual’s capacity to contribute to the innovation processes in a firm then depends not just on his own (absorptive) capacity originating from earlier experiences, but also depends on the social, professional and hierarchical relations within t he organization. If one is not well-connected one’s contribution to knowledge transfer and thus the innovation process can be limited. Well-connected individuals can gain information of higher accuracy, van gain diverse knowledge and can collect and spread existing information more rapidly, but can also recombine existing ideas and knowledge in a novel way thus being more creative. Individual motivation is important factor for knowledge transfe

Mango Essential Oil in the Food Industry

Mango Essential Oil in the Food Industry Background of study Mango is one of the tropical fruits that grow seasonally. It has unique fragrance and flavor and often labeled as super fruit (Mounica Subbiah, 2014). It is the most sowed fruit with over 2,000 varieties and natively found in India. Great numbers of varieties are differing with respect to crop, pulp, colour of skin, flavor and aroma of the fruit. Therefore, it become one of the most popular tropical fruit in Southeast Asia (Fernando, Perà ©z-Sarià ±ana Bianca, Sergio, Eapen, Sebastian, 2014). Mango also become the national fruit for India and national tree for Bangladesh (bdnews24.com, 2010). Mango is scientifically known as Mangifera with diverse species under family of Anacardiaceae (Softusvista, 2015). It has 69 species with Mangifera as one of the genus. Examples of Mangifera species are Mangifera indica which is the common mango, Mangifera foetida (bacang or machang) and Mangifera odorata (kuini). The highest number of Mangifera species is cultivated in Asia where Malaysia, Borneo and Sumatra have the highest number of species of Mangifera (Morton, 1987). There is hundreds of Mangifera cultivar and it is cultivated in warm and subtropical country such as India. The cultivation of Mangifera must be propagated and it often crossed to improve pollination (Allen, 2006). Mangifera cultivar is Mangifera indica species that is planted from variety of sources such as seed or bulb of plant and sometimes been called by other name. There are many Mangifera indica cultivar in Malaysia such as Mangifera indica cultivar Lemak Manis and Mangifera indica cultivar Mas Hitam. Mangifera   species is differentiated by its aroma. It shows that each Mangifera species has different aroma where the aroma of Mangifera may give different major chemical constituent. The Mangifera species is hardly found around the year and it can be season fruit such as Mangifera foetida mostly fruiting around March to April after drought season (Litz, 2009). There are many scientific researches on essential oil of mango and it gives different results depending on the varieties and species of mango. Previous reported that Green Thai Mangifera indica cultivar Khieo Sawoei has distinctive odor which calculated by odor unit value (Uo). it shows that the odor is cause by high percentag e of 2,4-decadienal in its peel and hexanal in its pulp (Tamura, Boonbumrung, Yoshizawa, Varanyanond, 2001). Another report verified the presence of terpenes hydrocarbons in yellow-red colour of 20 cultivars Mangifera indica L. (Pino, Mesa, Munoz, Pilar-Marti, Marbot, 2005). The natural oil used can be essential oil which is essential oil that has fragrance and usually extracted from plants for soothing and healing and cosmetic proposes (Press, 2015). Essential oil is usually used for aromatherapy where it helps physical well-being and psychology of person. Aromatherapy is the practice of using the natural oil that is extracted from plants flower, peel, pulp, bark leaves or roots. It is an alternative method for healing purpose and promotes health properties (Aromatherapy.com, 2010). Aromatherapy can be used by any method such as inhalation, massage or water immersion to stimulate response (Department of Health Human Services, 2015). It is said that some essential oil shows some anti-microbial activity, antiviral, antioxidants and anti-diabetic agents. It also demonstrate some potency against bacterial, fungal and viral infections (Edris, 2007). There are many types of extraction method to extract the essential oil from plants especially. It can be distillation method or expression method. The most common method is distillation method where it consist of many types of distillation which are water distillation, water and steam distillation and steam distillation. The extraction method used in his project is water distillation method or hydro-distillation method (BetterHealth, 1999). Medical fields today have developed many kinds of drugs medicine to cure various types of diseases such as paracetamol to reduce fever and acetylcysteine to loosen thick mucus (Drugs.com, 2015). Alternative medicine has become popular as diseases treatment.Example of alternative medicine is acupuncture, homeopathy and aromatherapy (Sampson, 1995). The gist in this project is to elevate aromatherapy as alternative medicine and for flavoring. 1.2 Problem Statement Mangifera indica species and its cultivars have different aroma and they may have different chemical constituent for each cultivar. However, only small number of different cultivar has been studied with respect to its chemical constituent. Previous reports on extraction of essential oil in Mangifera cultivar such as M.indica cultivar Chokanan, M.indica cultivar Falan and M.indica cultivar Water Lily was reported in Malaysia. Some authors stated that chemical constituents of essential oil from Mangifera may have terpenes hydrocarbon and alpha-caryophyllene but it might have different chemical constituent for ripe fruit with green peel and yellow pulp of Mangifera cultivar found in Malaysia. In past study, the Green Thai Khoei Sawoi has shown ÃŽÂ ³-terpinene and ÃŽÂ ²-ocimene as major chemical constituents for ripe fruit with green peel (Tamura et al., 2001). However the major compound is different when it is a ripe fruit with yellow peel. The peel essential oil from yellow Mangi fera indica cultivar Zebdeya, Hindi and Cobaneya shows different major compound which are à Ã†â€™-3-carene, ÃŽÂ ±-terpinolene and caryophyllene (El-Hawary Rabeh, 2014). Therefore the present study focus on comparison of chemical constituent of volatile oil between different Mangifera indica cultivar and other Mangifera species with green peel found in Malaysia which are M. indica cultivar Chokanan, M. indica cultivar Falan, M. indica cultivar King, M. indica cultivar Lemak Manis, M. indica cultivar Mas Hitam, and Mangifera odorata. 1.3 Significance of Study Mangoes have a lot of aromatic components that can be extracted using hydro-distillation method. Besides contributing to the body of knowledge, the essential oil of mango in this project can contribute to flavor. This study is beneficial in food processed industry where fruit flavor has become important quality that influence consumer acceptance. Different variety of essential oil from Mangifera species can also be commercialized for its aromatherapy purposes. They have different major chemical constituent in it let alone from its peel or pulp.   

The Internet :: essays research papers

The Internet Imagine life today without the convenience of the Internet. People would actually have to get up out of their comfortable chairs, get in their cars, and drive to the store, the library, the mall, or wherever they wanted to go. Wouldn't that just be a shame? But the Internet has not always been used for the entertainment, in the beginning it was only used by military personnel for communication reasons. In fact, if you were not a computer expert or a genius, you could not even begin to figure out the very complex system known as the Internet. The Internet is the child of several marriages: The government to science, and the telecommunications industry to the computer and software industry. The Internet was the result of some visionary people in the early 1960's who saw great potential value in allowing computers to share information on research and development in scientific and military fields. In, J. Licklider, proposed a global network of computers, and moved to the Defense Advanced Research Projects to develop it. One of Lickliders colleagues, Lawrence Roberts, came close to connecting the first computers in California and Massachusetts, but because the telephone's circuit switching was inadequate the connection was unable to be established. It was not until 1966 that the first Internet was actually conceived. Originally, This project was only meant to be a small network connecting super computers amongst researchers in the United States. This network became known as the Advanced Research Project Agency(Net) or the ARPANET. The innovators of this network wanted to see the ARPANET connect more than just super computers, they wanted people around the United States to be able to use the ARPANET. In 1967 these innovators went to the Association of Computing Machinery Symposium and presented papers to legalize their endeavors. In 1967 they were approved by the ACMS to continue their work, and in 1968 the first software and networking hardware were designed, and by 1969 the ARPANET had connected four universities in the southwestern United States. These schools included: Stanford Research Institute, UCLA, UC Santa Barbara, and the University of Utah. By 1971 fifteen more schools had been added to this network including a university in Hawaii. Although the Internet was constructed for military purposes it was slowly moving away from those roots. The network was becoming so commercial that librarians began automating and networking their catalogs.

Purpose of correctly receiving Essay

1.  Conference calls This function allow us to have a conversation with more then one person. This would be use when managers want to talk about important subject with other brunches. Transfer This function allow to transfer caller to another department. It can be used when we the caller want to speak with the manager or person from different department. 2. Prepare a brief report advising people on: How to follow organisational procedures when making and receiving telephone calls The purpose of giving a positive image of yourself and your organisation when making and receiving telephone calls. If possible, use specific information from procedures in your own organisation (or one that you are familiar with). Almost every business have procedures how to answer or receive telephone calls. When the person is answering the phone is automatically responsible for positive or negative reputation of the business, that’s why is very to follow those procedures promptly to achieve a professional standards. Answering a call from my customer I always answering after one or two rings, I have pen and paper ready just in case I need to make a note or take a message. Then I politely greeting a caller giving my name and company, then  asking how can I help, if the call is not for me I am taking message, writing the caller name and message. I always ending the conversation with a summary just in case I understand correctly every part of the conversation, then politely thanks for call with good bye and hang up. Giving positive image is also important, because this depends weather customer will stay or go somewhere else. We can create a positive image if we will deal with callers efficiently, which means we have to know exactly what we are doing and how to use phone system. I would create a positive image with positive attitude towards all customers. I would answer the phone with a smile and kindly greeting. I would also try to identify the callers and his needs, the I would deal with it with polite manners and I would try my best to help. Secondly I would speak naturally with sensible speed to make sure the caller understand properly, then I would repeat information if necessary and summarise all the points from the conversation with the caller. Lastly I would thank the caller for his call and his time then end the conversation appropriately. If we fail to give a positive image during a phone conversation this can be very harmful for the business even more the business cane loose lots of money which could effect employees as well. The business can have a bad reputation which means that the customer will not consider cooperation with the business in the future. Section 2 – Understand how to handle mail 1. Explain the purpose of correctly receiving, checking and sorting mail and packages (both incoming and outgoing). Mail is important for successful business. It is used to transfer material, equipment and invoices from suppliers to business by post, secondly is used to provide important documents, invoices or products to the customers. One or more people could be responsible fro receiving, checking and sorting mail and packages. It must be done very carefully, otherwise the mail could not reach the recipient on time and the consequence could be that the recipient will not pay the outstanding invoice on time and could be charged for late payment. Poor mail handling could lead to loss of important documents/invoices, delays in mails, delivered mail to wrong person, additionally payment could be lost and materials or parts not being delivered on time. Finally poor mail handling could lead to dissatisfied customers (they could leave), to loss of money and sometime to business closure. 2. Complete the table below with the following information: At least two examples of internal mail services that are available to organisations At least two examples of external mail services that are available to organisations Internal mail services External mail services 1. Internal post – it is used to deliver mail between departments and branches, is sent in unsealed A4 envelopes. Confidential letters are labelled. 1. Royal Mail. This is most popular mail service in Uk. It offer wide range of mailing option to suit customers needs. 2. Intranet – mail is circulate electronically. 2. P4D is a private courier service. It help find a right courier service for urgent, big and heavy items. Sometimes is cheaper then Royal Mail.

Critisism on Machiavelli essays

Critisism on Machiavelli essays The master figure of Elizabethan drama is Machiavelli. He was only known through the French of Gentillet, if that: but he was the great character of supreme intrigue that, however taken, was at the back of every tudor mind. Elizabethan drama"the first terror-stricken meeting of the England of Elizabeth with the Italy of the late renaissance"was more terrified of Machiavelli than of anybody. The Borgias, Sforzas, Baglionis, Malatestas, Riartes were of far more importance to the Elizabethan dramatists than any of their own eminent countrymen. Familiarity bred contempt in the long run. But during its flourishing period the English stage went constantly to the schoolmaster of manslaughter, Machiavelliand his political paradigms chosen in conformity with his Borgia worshipfor its thrills.... Mr Edward Meyer has catalogued three hundred and ninety-five references to Machiavelli in Elizabethan literature. As to his influence in England, Dr Grosart wrote: I have suggested to the biographer of the renowned Machiavelli (Professor Villari of Florence) that an odd chapter might be written on the scare his name was for long in England: so much so that he came to be regarded as an incarnation of the Evil If three hundred and ninety-five direct references can be found to Machiavelli in Elizabethan literature, it is everywhere steeped in his philosophy and what his philosophy represented. Webster, Massinger, Ford, Marston, Tourneur, Middleton are all indebted to him so heavily that either in the form of revulsion or delight they could be called the children of Machiavelli. The Unnatural Combat, Women beware Woman, Antonio and Mellida, The Insatiate Countess, The Changeling, The Revenger's Tragedy, etc., would not have existed in the form in which they did without the showmanship and propagandist zeal of Machiavelli.... But in the long run the English got over their fright, and "saw through Machiavelli""Machiavel, thou art a...

The Negative Consequences of Telephones Essays

The Negative Consequences of Telephones Essays The Negative Consequences of Telephones Essay The Negative Consequences of Telephones Essay In the article Hang up and shut up! Unary 2, 2011), the author, Ripley Ingram, argue that the telephone bring some negative consequences to peoples life. Firstly, Mobile-Phone makes lack of politeness because of phone etiquette. Secondly, the writer states that the telephone conversation may be overheated by other people. Thirdly, It could interrupt face to face communication. In addition, the phone could cause extra workload. Finally, people are expected to response In short-term. DISCUSSION Firstly, the author claims that people lack politeness when they talking In telephone. It Is an oversimplification. She Ignores the fact that people need talking loudly In some situation. For example, someone gets on the phone In some noise places such as bus station or train station. They need to Increase their volume In order to make the person who on the phones other side listens clearly. If you keep a lower volume In this situation, it probably makes communication breakdown and wastes some time. In the other example, some people have higher volume by inherited. They used to answering phone loudly. Therefore it is not an impoliteness behavior to them. Secondly, Ingram argues that people are willing to finish a communication to answer a call by giving us an example. It is really an impolite behavior to breakdown a conversation by your-self. However, it is an oversimplification because the author overlooks the fact that if there is an emergency that only you can control the situation, what would you like to do? The example shows that it is just a call confirming the studying group time. It perhaps he could give other evidence like the conversation is so important that answering a call lead he lost a friend who is talking to him. Otherwise, the current example would strongly weaken his opinion to the topic.

Children's literature - Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, Lewis Essay

Children's literature - Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, Lewis Carroll Short story - Essay Example to be following a white rabbit to a hole, which is a doorway to the wonderland where Alice meets with different creatures and experiences a completely new realm in her life. From getting big to small, making friends to nemesis and from saving to being subjected to execution, Alice finds that all that had happened was just a dream and not reality. Henceforth, we will examine three aspects of the novel which are, the notions about and standpoint towards children of that era, how are literary techniques employed to present the children of the Victorian period and how does this literature provide a look on the characteristics of world and the quintessence established. Published in 1865, Alice’s Adventure in Wonderland was set in the late eighteen hundred, Victorian period in Britain. The author, though, illustrates a child who is curious, observant and stubborn, but possesses a good heart, has not specifically pointed out anything that may represent the children of those times and what were the concepts about children during the Victorian period. Hence, with the help of the historical and geographical background of the novella, we will expound and propound the theories that concern a child of that era and what kind of attitude they were subjected to. There are numerous sources available that give us an insight on the topic under scrutiny and we have availed some of those resources. Starting with the book by (Pollock), the author claims that the attitude towards children during the eighteenth century in Britain was not very different from the rest of the world. The children were not allowed to indulge in their curiosity like in the book of Carroll. Instead the upbringings of the children were excessively harsh and if not harsh, then they were not likable or appreciable. From physical to emotional, abuse was common enough in the Victorian era and parents expected unshakable obedience and respect from their children all the time, either by the nature itself or with the

Analysis of Ernest Hemingways short story Soldiers Home Research Paper

Analysis of Ernest Hemingways short story Soldiers Home - Research Paper Example This paper will first analyze the main characters of the story, then will focus on the symbolic element in the story and will analyze it, finally ending with an analysis of the setting in the story. Character Analysis Harold Krebs: He is the protagonist and the story chronicles his war experiences, and his problem in adjusting to his home place. Krebs gets enlisted in the army and moves to Europe during the First World War, where he undergoes both enlightened and at the same time traumatic experiences. Tormented by those war experiences, Krebs reenters his home town but finds it difficult to live a normal life and interact with the people there. His dejection further accentuates, when the people in the town, avoid listening to his wartime stories. Due to pressure from his mother to marry and have children, Krebs becomes further disillusioned and even decides to move out of the town. However, towards the end of the story, he understands that he cannot keep on holding on to his war exp eriences, particularly when that negatively impacts his current life. He calmly decides not to think about his past as well as future, and instead take things as they come, and goes to see his sister play a baseball game. Thus, his character undergoes various transformations, from a war hero to a depressed soul, and then finally a nonchalant person. Mrs. Harold: Harold's mother is portrayed as a very religious woman, who feels for his son’s difficulty in adjusting to the normal life in the town. She tries her best to aid her son to come out of his post-war trauma, but that did not work out favorably. However, her efforts were more of pressure to Krebs than being constructive. Without understanding the trauma her son underwent in the war, she continuously nags Krebs to discard his war experiences and start living a normal life immediately. â€Å"Krebs' small-town mother cannot comprehend her son's struggles and sufferings caused by the war.† (Imamura 102). In addition, she further pushed him to get a job, marry a girl and have children, by comparing with other boys in the community. â€Å"The boys are all settling down; they’re all determined to get somewhere†¦ Charley Simmons, who is just your age has a good job and is going to be married† (Hemmingway 115). Thus, the character of Mrs. Harold is of a mother, who although wants a good life for his son, mistakenly pressurize him. Mr. Harold: Harold's father never makes any kind of direct appearance in the story, and instead he is mainly ‘referred’ by Mrs. Harold during her conversations with Krebs. Mrs. Harold uses the character of father mainly to validate the advices she gave to Krebs to make him return to normal life. â€Å"Your father thinks you have lost your ambition, that you haven't got a definite aim in life.† (Hemingway 115). However, it seems that Krebs did not have much of a father-son relationship with Mr. Harold, with the mother being the only com municator between them. Thus, the character of Mr. Harold does not have a major role to play. However, this â€Å"non-committal† presence of the father’s character in a way reflects the mindset of Krebs. As stated by Baerdemaeker (32), â€Å"in an extra Oedipal twist, Krebs becomes exactly like his father: non-committal.† Helen Krebs: Harold's younger sister, Helen is an indoor baseball player, and although she does not have a

Kids and reading to them Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Kids and reading to them - Essay Example Reading with the kids makes them feel on top of their game. By this, one would mean the consummate ease with which they bring to themselves an understanding of how life’s nuances would be, and how they would be able to tackle the intricacies of the times that are coming up for them. Reading with the kids is the need of the hour because it tells them where they have to grow and develop, and how they shall see the changing realms of life whilst dealing with them on a consistent basis. What is even more interesting is the fact that the children will know that they are being given the attention that they direly require within their midst, as this is a fact that has to see the light of the day. This paper discusses how reading with the kids helps them to grow and develop, and be an important part within this society. The reading element instills in the kids a sense of belongingness that they are bound to learn, analyze and hence understand how life shapes up, and how life’s different turns are handled in the most apt manner. Reading with the kids allows them to feel special; that they are being given the time and energies which shall bear rich fruit as far as their growth and development measures are concerned. What is even more interesting is the fact that the kids need to get in line with the changing norms of the time and for that they have to know what is happening in the world around them (Friedland, 2004). They must be acquainted with the varying norms and routines so that they can achieve results which are complete from all angles. What is even more important is the fact that the kids must adapt to change; and this change shall happen on an incremental basis – for their respective growth and developmental levels nonetheless. It is a well-known fact that the world appreciates if the kids read, study and learn, not only on their own but also with the help and guidance of their elders. Reading makes the kids go wild in their imagination. The y explore the world around them and learn how to implement the same in a practical form (Stewart, 2011). This is a positive undertaking and should always be understood within the relevant angles. Reading with kids allows the parents to comprehend how their kids are shaping up within the study domains and what strengths and weaknesses are within their folds. They would be able to cover up the grey areas that remain within a child’s fore and work upon the strengths to polish them further. It would also tell the parents that their children have some specific preferences as far as career adoption within the future domains is concerned. Hence there is an all-out effort and endeavor on the part of the parents to apprise the kids where they are falling and what they needed to do in order to move ahead further with the passage of time. This is so required because it will tackle the negatives to arise within the kids and keep them at bay with the up and coming issues which might hurt their professional growth and development, and not to forget the personal one as well. How the kids perceive the entire reading process is something that shall be understood properly. This is because the kids want to get acquainted with the changing needs of the time, and this could only be possible if they are on the right track as far as their study realms are concerned. When parents give them the attention the kids learn quickly. It is because the kids know that their parents love them and care for them in the most loving way possible. When they read along with their parents, they come to know the different ways through which a particular language is comprehended, as well as the ways and means through which grammatical and spelling issues are tackled (Demoulin, 2003). The parents teach them how to pronounce words and make use of sentences as are required. They tell them the meanings and definitions of certain words, as well as detail them regarding the sentence structures all the same. Moving ahead with the discussion at hand, the kids need the time of

Dehydrogenase in yeast Essay Example for Free

Dehydrogenase in yeast Essay During respiration, hydrogen atoms are removed from glucose molecules by enzymes called dehydrogenases and passed to various chemicals called hydrogen acceptors. As the hydrogen atoms pass from one hydrogen acceptor to another, energy is made available for chemical reactions in the cell. In this way, substances such as glucose provide energy for vital reactions in living organisms. In this experiment, a dye called methylene blue acts as an artificial hydrogen acceptor. When this dye is reduced by accepting hydrogen atoms it goes colourless. (a) Place about 30 mm of yeast suspension in a test-tube and, using a test-tube holder, heat this suspension over a small Bunsen flame until the liquid boils for about half a minute. Then cool the tube under the tap. (b) Label three test-tubes 1-3. (c) Using a graduated pipette or syringe, place 2 cm3 of the boiled yeast suspension in tube 1. (d) Using the graduated pipette or syringe, draw up 4 cm3 unboiled yeast suspension and place 2 cm3 in tube 2 and 2 cm3 in tube 3. (e) Rinse the pipette or syringe and use it to place 2 cm3 distilled water in tubes 1 and 2. (f) With the pipette or syringe, place 2 cm3 1 % glucose solution in tube 3. (g) Prepare a water bath by mixing hot and cold water from the tap to obtain a temperature between 35 and 45  °C. Place all three tubes in this water bath. Rinse the pipette or syringe. (h) Copy the table given below into your notebook. (i) After 5 minutes draw up 6 cm3 methylene blue solution in the pipette or syringe and place 2 cm3 in each tube. Shake all three tubes thoroughly and return them to the water bath, noting the time as you do so. Do not shake the tubes again. (j) Watch the tubes to see how long it takes for the blue colour to disappear, leaving the creamy colour of the yeast. A thin film of blue colour at the surface of the tube may be ignored but the tubes should not be moved. Record the times in your table. (k) The experiment may be repeated by simply shaking all the tubes again until the blue colour returns. |Tube |Contents |Time for methylene blue to go colourless Experiment 14. Discussion 1 Why was distilled water added to tubes 1 and 2? 2 What causes the methylene blue solution to go colourless (according to the introduction on p. 14.01)? 3 How do you explain the results with tube 1? 4 In which of tubes 2 and 3 was the methylene blue decolourized more rapidly? How can this result be explained? 5 If the hydrogen atoms for the reduction of methylene blue come from  glucose, why should the methylene blue in tube 2 become decolourized at all? 6 What do you think would be the effect of increasing the glucose concentration in tube 3? Explain your answer. 7 How could you extend the experiment to see if enzymes in yeast are capable of reducing methylene blue? 8 Why, do you think, the colour retuned on shaking the tubes? Experiment 14. Dehydrogenase in yeast preparation Outline Methylene blue, acting as a hydrogen acceptor, is decolourized during the respiration of yeast. Addition of small amounts of substrate increases the rate of decolourization. Prior knowledge An elementary idea of respiration as a process which releases energy during the breaking down of carbohydrates; yeast is a microscopic living organism. Advance preparation and materials-per group 20% yeast suspension* 0.005% methylene blue solution+ (prepared 1~2 days ahead) 10 cm3 1 % glucose solution distilled water 10 cm3 Apparatus-per group test-tube rack and 4 test-tubes Bunsen burner 3 labels or spirit marker graduated pipette or syringe 5-10cm3 test-tube holder beaker or jar, for water to rinse pipette or syringe -per class clock Result The methylene blue: in tubes 2 and 3 should be decolourized in a few minutes with tube 3 changing first. * Add 40 g dried yeast and 0.4 g potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) to 200 cm3 distilled water in a tall 600 cm3 (or larger) beaker (a large jam jar will do). Cover the mouth of the container with aluminium foil and bubble air through the yeast suspension for one or two days using an aquarium aerator. Observe the suspension from time to time during the first two hours and control the air flow to prevent the yeast suspension frothing out of the jar. +Dissolve 0.05 g in 1 litre of distilled water. Methylene blue stains skin and clothing. Lab coats should be worn Experiment 14. Discussion answers 1 The addition of distilled water to tubes 1 and 2 keeps the concentration of yeast and methylene blue the same in all three tubes. 2 The methylene blue accepts hydrogen atoms removed from glucose molecules during respiration. The reduced form of methylene blue is colourless. 3 Boiling will have killed the yeast. Dead yeast is therefore incapable of carrying out one or more stages in the transfer of hydrogen from glucose to methylene blue. (A similar answer may be given in terms of enzymes.) 4 Tube 3 will probably lose its blue colour first. Presumably if the hydrogen atoms for reducing methylene blue come from glucose, additional glucose will mean that more hydrogen atoms are available and decolourization will be more rapid. 5 Respiration will continue in yeast cells, using their own carbohydrate reserves such as glycogen. 6 It might be expected that increasing the glucose concentration would increase the rate of decolourization up to the point where all the available enzyme or enzymes were being used, or where the concentration of glucose was sufficient to plasmolyse the yeast cells. 7 If enzymes (dehydrogenases) are involved, it should be possible to extract them from yeast by grinding some dried yeast with sand and distilled water, and filtering. This could be the subject of further experiment, particularly if little or none of the carbohydrate reserve in yeast comes through in the filtrate. 8 Shaking the tubes introduces more oxygen which re-oxidises the methylene blue

Village Volvo Case Study Essay -- Business Analysis Automobile Industr

Village Volvo Case Study 1. Village Volvo is an independent service operation that provides quality repair service on out of warranty Volvo at reasonable cost. The shop was build in suburb in the outskirts of the city. Unfortunately, it is not centrally and conveniently located for all of the customers, however a daily shuttle service is considered, since no alternate transportation is presently available. Village Volvo is based in a new butler building that has four work bays, plus the office, storage and the waiting room. They designed the waiting area with comfortable chairs, with TV sets, coffee, soft drinks, magazines and local newspaper. With 22 years of training and great deal of experience, Volvo is known for their satisfactory service. This operation offers a custom car service that is not normally available at the local service. They consistently maintain the set schedule for the clients who need a quick routine service, but they push clients to make appointments for repair of detailed problem. For example 3-5 PM on Wednesday and 8-10 AM on Thursday for a quick jobs. They don’t do any repairs between 7-8 AM and 5-6 PM. Each appointment is very detailed planned. There is a mechanic assigned to every client who will work on the car as well as discussing the problems and concerns of the client. The mechanic has access to the CCVD, history of the file records on each vehicle it services. After the diagnosis made by mechanic the service manager, who is the main contact provides the owner with all the detail cost and the time frame of the repair. Each repair comes with notes for the client of any potention... ...r issue is their location, perhaps I would choose more centralized place for the next Village Volvo shop. Finally, due to its location and no alternate transportation offered maybe they could think of something like a family package or little entertaining service for the kids. Many parents or single parents may consider and run their â€Å"car errands† on the weekends, when there is no school. The ideal situation would be to drop off the car and have a little time to play or put the kid in the â€Å"car school† where the children can drive a little plastic cars, learn the road rules and the signs, play the bus/ car/ gas station†¦etc. The kids would love it and parents can easily run the errands with their children and spend some more time together. This way the Village Volvo would definitely differentiate from Volvo dealers.

Gifford Pinchot and Environmental Conservation :: essays research papers

Gifford Pinchot Gifford Pinchot was one of America's leading advocates of environmental conservation at the turn of the twentieth century. Born into wealth and endowed with imagination and a love of nature, he shared his money, possessions and intellect to further the causes of the common good. It was at Grey Grey Towers that James Pinchot first encouraged his son to explore the profession of forestry. But such training did not yet exist in the United States, so, after graduating from Yale University in 1889, Gifford went abroad to study at L’Ecole Nationale Forestiere in Nancy, France. With equal fervor Pinchot set to work. In the next two decades he raised forestry and conservation of all our natural resources from an unknown experiment to a nationwide movement. He became head of the Division of Forestry in 1898 and under President Theodore Roosevelt was named Chief Forester of the redefined U.S. Forest Service. National forest management was guided by Pinchot’s principle, â€Å"the greatest good of the greatest number in the long run.† His magnetic personal leadership inspired and ignited the new organization. During his government service, the number of national forests increased from 32 in 1898 to 149 in 1910 for a total of 193 million acres. Pinchot and Roosevelt together made conservation public issue and national policy. Roosevelt considered the enactment of a conservation program his greatest contribution to American domestic policy. Gifford Pinchot was born at Simsbury, Connecticut, on August 11, 1865, in a house recently purchased by his grandfather, Amos R. Eno. The home had earlier been owned by Gifford's great grandfather, Elisha Phelps, a distinguished politician who served as Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives during the 1820's. Gifford grew up spending his early summers with relatives in Connecticut and the rest of his time in New York City. Because of his father's business interests abroad, the family traveled extensively while Gifford was a child. He prepared for college at Phillips Exeter Academy, and in the fall of 1885, entered Yale University. Deciding to pursue forestry, and finding no such beast at Yale, he left for Europe after graduation to pursue his dream. When Roosevelt failed to win the Republican presidential nomination from Taft in 1912, Pinchot took an active role in founding the new Progressive Party, commonly known as the Bull Moose Party.

Herrick’s Restaurant

Herrick’s Restaurant is a new restaurant company in its formative stages and is being organized in order to take advantage for the lack of significant number of product lines that present restaurants in the United States do not have at present days.Furthermore, with the opportunity to offer cheaper, variety of high quality food services to its target customers, Herrick’s Restaurant plans to dominate the restaurant industry in the United States. With the present unstable condition of the U.S. economy many consumers become price conscious and started searching for cheaper but high quality goods and services in the market.With this present market trend and behavior of American consumers, Herrick’s Restaurant expects to become more profitable relative to the present restaurants in the market through its cheap and vast variety of great tasting quality foods. Furthermore, in order to secure the success of Herrick’s Restaurant in the market, it plans to launch fi ve store branches every year so as to increase its market share faster.With Herrick’s Restaurant skilled chefs and crew as well as staffs, it plans to provide extra ordinary experience to its customers by giving them the combination of highest quality of food and services. Herrick’s Restaurant management’s value on the satisfaction of their customers would serves as the pillar of their success.The classy interior design of Herrick’s Restaurant would give relaxing experience to its customers and perfect for family gathering, business meetings, or even a place where peers could meet and make bond with one another.These unique qualities of Herrick Restaurant would give it enough room to easily out-perform its competitors in the market and at the same time make large amount of profit despite of the present unstable condition of the U.S. economy. It is being expected that after the next five years, Herrick Restaurant would start entering the international mark et and operate on many countries to further expand its horizon in the restaurant industry.Herrick Restaurant’s ObjectiveHire high skilled staff and the best Chefs in the culinary world through high salary payments and more employee benefits relative to other restaurants in the market To have 40 percent market share in the next 5 years operation of the restaurant. Double its revenue by the end of 2009.To out-perform its competitors in the market in terms of sales volume and profits annually. Become the top restaurant in the U.S. market in 2016. Operate internationally by 2013 to further expand the market and market share of the company. To add 5 or more restaurants in the U.S. market every year to support high growth for the company. Mission of Herrick’s RestaurantHerrick’s Restaurant has a mission of providing cheaper, vast variety of great-tasting-high-quality dishes plus superb services from its staffs to provide extra ordinary experiences to its target custom ers. All of our efforts and strategies will point towards attaining higher customer satisfaction and improving the skills of our Chefs, crew, and staffs.This premium that our management is giving to our target customers would serve as its main avenue towards being the top restaurant in the U.S. restaurant industry and have impressive growth in terms of profit and/or sales volume.Furthermore, it is not only great service and food quality that we offer to our target customers but also providing relaxing environment and atmosphere that will suit people from different walks of life while inside our store. In the end, this mission of ours will guide us in future decision making processes and would serve as the pillar of many strategies of the company towards the attainment of market success and dominance.Restaurant Industry OverviewRestaurant industry has been one of the most profitable and stable industries in the American market for the past years. This is the main reason why the owner s of Herrick’s Restaurants decided to establish a restaurant business than any other possible business venture in the market.The restaurant industry in the United States is being expected to have a sales equivalent to 558 billion USD this year and has been behaving positively since 1970’s and to have a sales growth equal to 4.4 percent in 2008 (Restaurant.org, 2007).Eating establishment is one of the types of restaurants that provide the highest sales projections for 2008 where Herrick’s Restaurant is classified. This only means that this year is a â€Å"good year† for the officials of Herrick’s Restaurant to become aggressive on its expansion programs in the market.

Factors That Affect the Chemical Reaction Rate

Factors That Affect the Chemical Reaction Rate Its useful to be able to predict whether an action will affect the rate at which a chemical reaction proceeds. Several factors can influence the chemical reaction rate. In general, a factor that increases the number of collisions between particles will increase the reaction rate and a factor that decreases the number of collisions between particles will decrease the chemical reaction rate. Concentration of Reactants A higher concentration of reactants leads to more effective collisions per unit time, which leads to an increased reaction rate (except for zero-order reactions.) Similarly, a higher concentration of products tends to be associated with a lower reaction rate. Use the partial pressure of reactants in a gaseous state as a measure of their concentration. Temperature Usually, an increase in temperature is accompanied by an increase in the reaction rate. Temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of a system, so higher temperature implies higher average kinetic energy of molecules and more collisions per unit time. A general rule for most (not all) chemical reactions is that the rate at which the reaction proceeds will approximately double for each 10Â °C increase in temperature. Once the temperature reaches a certain point, some of the chemical species may be altered (e.g., denaturing of proteins) and the chemical reaction will slow or stop. Medium or State of Matter The rate of a chemical reaction depends on the medium in which the reaction occurs. It may make a difference whether a medium is aqueous or organic; polar or nonpolar; or liquid, solid, or gaseous. Reactions involving liquids and especially solids depend on the available surface area. For solids, the shape and size of the reactants make a big difference in the reaction rate. Presence of Catalysts and Competitors Catalysts (e.g., enzymes) lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction and increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process. Catalysts work by increasing the frequency of collisions between reactants, altering the orientation of reactants so that more collisions are effective, reducing intramolecular bonding within reactant molecules, or donating electron density to the reactants. The presence of a catalyst helps a reaction to proceed more quickly to equilibrium. Aside from catalysts, other chemical species can affect a reaction. The quantity of hydrogen ions (the pH of aqueous solutions) can alter a reaction rate. Other chemical species may compete for a reactant or alter orientation, bonding, electron density, etc., thereby decreasing the rate of a reaction. Pressure Increasing the pressure of a reaction improves the likelihood reactants will interact with each other, thus increasing the rate of the reaction. As you would expect, this factor is important for reactions involving gases, and not a significant factor with liquids and solids. Mixing Mixing reactants increases their ability to interact, thus increasing the rate of a chemical reaction. Summary of Factors The chart below is a summary of the main factors that influence the reaction rate. There is typically a maximum effect, after which changing a factor will have no effect or will slow a reaction. For example, increasing temperature past a certain point may denature reactants or cause them to undergo a completely different chemical reaction. Factor Affect on Reaction Rate temperature increasing temperature increases reaction rate pressure increasing pressure increases reaction rate concentration in a solution, increasing the amount of reactants increases the reaction rate state of matter gases react more readily than liquids, which react more readily than solids catalysts a catalyst lowers activation energy, increasing reaction rate mixing mixing reactants improves reaction rate